This week marks the first edition of the new and improved Currents. It's new both in appearance, and in how it is assembled and published.
Perhaps the first change you'll notice is the addition of color. You will also note that Currents is now printed on white paper stock (recycled) rather than newsprint, and the page size is longer, giving us more flexibility. As before, the ink is soy-based.
We have organized the paper into several sections, including "News," "Around the Lab," "Bulletin Board," and the familiar "Calendar," and "Flea Market." The Bulletin Board, opposite the Calendar, is where you will find most announcements. It will also contain the menu, which will cover the two-week period between issues.
We are also introducing this multi-use column space on page one, a versatile "Spotlight" feature on page two, and a more user-friendly calendar on page seven. The former Newswire has been expanded into News Digest to provide more flexibility in bringing you updates from Washington, the Lab, and elsewhere. As time goes on, we will introduce additional features, such as a recurring column from EH&S called "Waste Watchers," periodic columns by Director Shank and others, and more in-depth coverage of the Lab's science, operations, and people.
The biggest behind-the-scenes change involves the production of Currents. With this issue, we no longer provide "camera-ready copy" and individual photos to our printer. Instead, everything is electronic. Digital photos, produced by the Photo Lab, are placed in the layout, which is composed by TEID's Alice Ramirez. The final product is transferred to the printer on a disk. Ultimately, this should simplify the job and provide more control over the final product.
We hope you will enjoy the new Currents. If you have comments, please share them with us.
-- Mary Bodvarsson, Editor
By Ron Kolb
They toasted the past and paid homage to the pioneers. In an eventful week that started on the Laboratory's official founding date of Aug. 26, employees and guests of Berkeley Lab celebrated the 65-year milestone of the facility's existence with considerable pride and perhaps a dose of caution about an uncertain future.
The weeklong tribute featured historic lectures, an anniversary dinner, and an exhibit of scientific memorabilia. It was a time to honor the legacy of founder Ernest Lawrence, and to thank the men and women who shaped it.
Cyrill Orly, one of "Ernie's boys," who designed the international symbol for radiation 50 years ago, received Director Charles Shank's personal letter of appreciation as part of opening ceremonies for the Bldg. 50 lobby exhibit, kicking off the week's events. Orly, surrounded by family members, proclaimed the honor a highlight of his life.
Nobelist Glenn Seaborg, the first day's keynote speaker, spent two hours signing periodic tables for an endless line of admirers who purchased "seaborgium" lapel pins. Molly Lawrence, Ernest's widow, made a rare public appearance at the Aug. 29 dinner, adding a radiance to a stellar audience that included Seaborg and three of his Nobel Prize-winning colleagues-- Owen Chamberlain, Melvin Calvin, and Donald Glaser.
Two decades of Laboratory management were recalled by former directors Andy Sessler and David Shirley, who reminisced about the bitter and the sweet of their tenures here. Ed Lofgren, resident historian and Lab statesman for 57 years, made two historic videos come alive with recollections of things past.
Hal Anger, whose invention of a scintillation camera changed the course of medical imaging, returned for the dedication of the newest imaging research tools, the Biomedical Isotope Facility. Nuclear chemist Yukio Yano and other pioneers of nuclear medicine paid homage to the illustrious history that Tom Budinger retraced in his noontime talk.
DOE Director for Energy Research Martha Krebs, a relative neophyte with 10 years of history at Berkeley Lab, paid her respects to the people and generations that were nurtured here. Calling her talk "Standing on the Shoulders of Giants," she talked about those who left their legacies of achievement and influenced those who followed them--the Lawrences (E.O. and John), Seaborg and Calvin, Luis Alvarez and Art Rosenfeld, Dave Shirley and Herman Grunder.
"That's how we got to where we are now, because of these people of science," she said, adding that Berkeley Lab is well-positioned to contribute to the future mission of DOE.
But the future, she warned, is not nearly as glorious or well-defined as the past. Despite the fact that DOE remains among the top five federal agencies in research funding, its role in the nation's R&D is either unrecognized or underappreciated, she said.
"We all need to better convey the contributions the department and the Office of Energy Research make," she told her Aug. 29 audience. "In the last decade, prospects for science have become more constrained. We need to convey what we're doing in a more understandable way."
Reflecting a "volatile" budget environment that promises a smaller DOE and generally smaller pots for science funding, Krebs said the key for laboratories will be to increase productivity through partnerships and to improve public outreach efforts about the benefits of research.
UC Santa Cruz Chancellor M.R.C. Greenwood echoed the theme in her keynote address at the Thursday evening 65th Anniversary dinner. Greenwood, former science policy advisor to President Clinton and a member of the National Science Board, noted the general erosion of support in the physical sciences over the past three years, a trend that shows no sign of reversing.
"Research investment in the United States is far more restricted than it used to be," she said. "We are losing our scientific capacity in research. Science is like an ecosystem; it has core components which interact with each other. We have to build our coalitions and articulate this interactivity a lot better than we have done." She especially noted the importance of Laboratory-university connections.
"You have done the nation a tremendous service," she said. "After celebrating those remarkable accomplishments, you must educate the public, and students, and help schools to do better, help educators understand. Our ability to succeed there will help determine whether you're here 65 years from now. Unless we have value with the public, they won't support us or our ideas."
Former directors Sessler and Shirley noted earlier in the week that the `60s, `70s and `80s brought their own sets of challenges to Berkeley Lab. Sessler said that when he succeeded Ed McMillan in 1973, the lab was truly "multidisciplinary," but the priorities remained with high energy physics.
"I felt the future of the laboratory was in other directions as well as high energy physics," Sessler said. To accomplish this, the Laboratory had to undergo a cultural change in which "its diverse activities were treated with equal importance." Sessler had to overcome much resistance to put this change into effect, he said, but it was accomplished with the help of senior staff who were included in the decision-making process.
"We moved from the benevolent dictatorship of Lawrence and McMillan to a more democratic form of management," he said.
Shirley also led the Laboratory through a cultural change, but one directed externally rather than internally. Having suffered severe budget cuts as a result of President Reagan's emphasis on defense R&D spending, and seeing scientifically solid initiatives rejected because of political considerations, Shirley became savvy about Washington. One of his first moves was to hire Capital Hill veteran Martha Krebs. The initiative they launched was the Advanced Light Source.
Although the ultimate success of the initiative shines brightly on the hill today, the road to this success was far from smooth.
"In early 1985, I think I was the only person who thought this Laboratory would build the ALS," Shirley said. Once political approval had been won and funding approved, he said, Lab staff responded with "a magnificent job in designing and building the ALS."
Also under Shirley, funding was obtained to add two major laboratory buildings to the Hill's landscape--the Advanced Materials Laboratory and the Surface Science and Catalysis Laboratory. It was under Shirley that the Laboratory was selected by DOE to host one of three new human genome centers.
Krebs cited the vision of people like Shirley and Sessler as crucial elements in attracting people and programs to Berkeley Lab that promise to sustain it through the hard times. In answer to a question from the audience about a prospective lab-closure scenario, Krebs said, "Berkeley, with its Light Source, Genome Center, and other core programs, would be a hard place for people to think about abandoning."
PHOTO CAPTIONS:
Berkeley Associate Lab Director-at-Large Glenn Seaborg and Lab Director Charles Shank cut the ribbon on the new exhibit in the Bldg. 50 lobby to kickoff the Lab's week-long 65th Anniversary celebration. Photo by Roy Kaltschmidt
Molly Lawrence, widow of Ernest Lawrence, was a guest of honor at the 65th Anniversary dinner.
Nobel Laureate Glenn Seaborg autographed dozens of periodic charts, which include the element 106 (seaborgium), at the exhibit ribbon-cutting, including three for Nuclear Science's Eric Norman (at rear), and his guests for the day, students Daniel de Lappe and Jeremy Brunel.
Part of the new exhibit in the Bldg. 50 lobby includes Ernest Lawrence's original desk and other memorabilia.
Berkeley Lab's Glenn Seaborg (third from left), responsible for the first synthesis of technicium 99, one of the most widely-used medical imaging agents, stands in front of the Laboratory's new Biomedical Isotope Facility (BIF) with the team responsible for its inception and completion. The Aug. 30 dedication ceremony reunited Center for Functional Imaging (CFI) alumnus Chet Mathis (left), now at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, and CFI head Thomas Budinger, who together cleared the 10-year trail to BIF's completion. Henry VanBrocklin (right) who joined the Lab four years ago, brought the Lab's newest mini-medical cyclotron on site and now manages its operations.
UC Santa Cruz Chancellor M.R.C. Greenwood gave the keynote address at the 65th Anniversary dinner.
Former Lab directors David Shirley (left) and Andrew Sessler (right), joined current Director Charles Shank at the podium during a retrospective by the former directors in the Bldg. 50 auditorium.
By Allan Chen
A unique plasma-based process for depositing high-temperature protective coatings promises to improve the efficiency and reduce the wear and tear of technologies ranging from engines and turbines to hip joints. The process was developed by a team of scientists in the Accelerator and Fusion Research Division.
"High-temperature protective coatings make advanced heat engines more efficient, because the engine parts--turbine blades and pipes for example--can run at higher temperatures," says Ian Brown, leader of the Plasma Applications group that developed the process. "The smooth surfaces of these coatings also minimize the wear of moving parts."
The potential impact of better coatings on the efficiency and working life of all types of technologies subject to heat stress and mechanical wear and tear is so large that materials scientists are searching continually for better coatings.
Invited by DOE's Fossil Energy Advanced Materials Office to investigate the potential of plasma deposition to high-temperature coatings, Brown, staff scientist Othon Monteiro, and others in the group began to investigate how plasma deposition might be used to form films of oxide ceramics, which can resist oxidation at temperatures of 1,093 to 1,649deg.C.
"You want the film to persist, and not flake off after repeated increases and decreases in temperature. It must maintain its ability to stop oxidation," says Brown. Smoothness and uniformity of the surface are also important.
The group has so far worked with two types of high-temperature ceramic films, alumina (aluminum oxide) and mullite (a mixture of alumina and silica--silicon oxide), because they have a strong tolerance for high temperatures.
"We make the films in a novel way," says Brown, "using metal plasmas and ion beams." Solid aluminum, silicon or other material is turned into a stream of charged particles (the plasma) using a powerful electrical current in a device called a plasma gun.
The particles shoot out of the gun and into a curved metal coil shaped like a slinky straddling two stairs. The coil is magnetized, and helps filter and purify the plasma stream by deflecting only the charged particles (ions) of aluminum or silicon through the coil.
"We add oxygen to produce the right amount of oxide," says Brown. The plasma stream hits the substrate, coating it. In the lab, the substrate is often a one-centimeter square of a material like silicon carbide. Brown says there are no technical barriers to scaling up this process to industrial uses.
One advantage of plasma deposition with energetic ion bombardment is its ability to create a good bond between coating and substrate. Another benefit of the process is its ability to produce a very smooth coating. "By adjusting the ion energy," Brown says, "we can get films that are very dense--no voids, very smooth and uniform."
The researchers have also used plasma deposition to form high-quality films of diamond-like carbon (DLC), an important industrial coating that is valued for its extreme hardness. They are also creating and studying multilayer films.
Beyond improving advanced engines and other types of machinery with moving parts, Brown speculates that the coatings have applications in the biomechanical realm. "I think these materials have a future for orthopedic prostheses--hips and knee joints, for example. These artificial joints must stand up to wear and tear and last as long as possible."
"The coatings could also produce cheaper and better artificial teeth. Currently, replacement teeth are made of gold. They could be made out of titanium with a ceramic coating that bonds well at the metal-ceramic interface," Brown says.
Much of the vacuum arc plasma technology utilized in the processing techniques was developed in Brown's Plasma Applications group, part of the Ion Beam technology program, with the help of plasma physicists Simone and Andre Anders, and with engineering support from Bob MacGill and Mike Dickinson. Monteiro, Brown, Zhi Wang, Kin Yu and Peggy Hou of Berkeley Lab, and B.H. Rabin and G.F. Kessinger of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, described their work on plasma deposition at the 10th Annual Conference on Fossil Energy Materials in Oak Ridge, Tenn.
CAPTION: AFRD scientists Othon Monteiro and Ian Brown.
Jeffrey Kortright of the Materials Sciences Division and David Shuh of the Chemical Sciences Division are among the winners of the first Presidential Science Facilities Initiative awards. A total of $28.3 million was awarded by DOE on Wednesday to researchers at eight national labs and 22 universities in an effort "to develop new instrumentation to bolster the capabilities of major scientific facilities ... and make better use of existing world-class research facilities at DOE laboratories." Under the initiative, an additional $29 million will be contributed to the winning projects by the universities and other federal agencies.
"This presidential initiative helps deliver on the Clinton Administration's commitment to fundamental science," said Energy Secretary Hazel O'Leary in announcing the awards. "These new instruments will also create educational opportunities for graduate students in areas important to the future of the nation's science and technology."
Both of the Berkeley Lab winners received their awards for projects at the Advanced Light Source. Kortright, who is with the Center for X-ray Optics, won for his soft x-ray magneto-optic spectrometer project. He is slated to receive $200,000 from DOE in both FY96 and FY97, plus an additional $146,900 from other sources. Shuh won for his actinide/environmental moveable endstation. He is to receive $152,911 from DOE in FY96, plus an additional $335,362 from other sources. -- Lynn Yarris
The Aug. 23 issue of Currents reported grim budgetary developments for neutron-scattering researchers. The news was considerably brighter this week when Vice President Al Gore, speaking at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), announced $23 million in the FY98 budget for the National Spallation Neutron Source (NSNS). Gore also said that President Clinton was "committed" to seeing that the project goes forward.
Berkeley Lab is one of five national labs involved in the planning and design of NSNS, a 1-megawatt spallation source that would be built at ORNL. The proposed machine, which could be upgraded to a 5-megawatt facility, would cost an estimated $1 billion. The five-laboratory partnership won $8 million in FY96 to start work on a design, and another $8 million in FY97 to continue the work. With the additional funding request for FY98 and the strong promise of support from the Clinton Administration, the future for those who use neutrons to study the structure of materials is looking much better today than it did a month ago. Berkeley Lab's contributions to the NSNS proposal are led by AFRD's Jose Alonso (who is on assignment at ORNL to head the reference design group) and Rick Gough. -- LY
A trial in Seattle to determine the patent rights to a biological molecule may have ramifications for the entire scientific community. At issue is the question: Does confidential peer review--the notion that reviewers are forbidden to disclose or use information they see in an unpublished manuscript--have any legal validity?
The patent dispute involves an immune-system protein. According to Cistron Biotechnology of Pine Brook, N.J., an academic consortium of researchers they funded submitted a paper to the journal Nature that was reviewed by a scientist with Immunex Corp. of Seattle. Cistron claims the Immunex scientist shared the data with his colleagues, who then used the unpublished information in their own research and patent application. Immunex claims its discoveries were made independently but concedes that their scientists compared their results to the unpublished data. Immunex will argue that there is no rule--legal or otherwise--preventing this. Both sides have lined up strong support for their case. Witnesses such as Sir John Maddox, editor of Nature at the time, agree that there are no uniform standards governing peer review. However, Maddox and others passionately argue that the standards are nonetheless genuine and that all scientists know what they are. Maddox has called the actions of the Immunex research team "outrageous." Whatever the outcome of the trial, it will be the first legal test of the sanctity of peer review -- Lynn Yarris.
Doe funding bills still not passed:
With Congressional leaders saying they will adjourn no later than Sept. 27, the two appropriations bills that fund DOE have still not been passed. Both the House and the Senate have passed versions of the FY97 energy and water appropriations bill (the source of most of Berkeley Lab's funding), but the conferees have yet to meet. A bill is, however, expected to pass. The other DOE-funding legislation is the Interior and related agencies bill. The FY97 version of the bill has been approved by the House but was just recently brought up on the Senate floor. Because of disputes between the Clinton Administration and Congressional Republicans and big differences in allocations between House and Senate subcommittees, this measure is expected to be rolled into a continuing resolution.
Bill to abolish DOE gets scant support from Senate Energy Panel:
Republican and Democratic members of the Senate Energy Committee were highly critical of a measure to abolish DOE introduced by Sen. Rod Grams, R-Minn. Senators from both parties expressed disbelief that ending DOE would save $20 billion over five years as promised in the measure. Grams conceded his bill has little chance of passage this year. Other senators told Washington reporters it has little chance of passage next year, regardless of which party is in the White House.
Democrats say Dole plan would end DOE's civilian science:
Rep. George Brown, Jr., D-Calif., charged that Bob Dole's proposal to abolish DOE and cut $32 billion from its civilian programs would end civilian science and force the closure of a number of national labs. Argonne, Brookhaven, Fermilab and SLAC would all be shut down, Brown predicted in a statement last week to the Democratic Policy Committee. "On top of that," he said, "research universities and private companies across the country that receive DOE R&D funding would have to terminate their programs." Rep. Brown is the ranking Democrat on the House Science Committee. -- Lynn Yarris
CAPTION: Congratulations to Rated X, the 1996 LBNL Softball League champions. Rated X beat second place finishers Environments 24-16. Ballpark Estimates beat CAMshafts 15-11 to take third place. Rated X team members include (front row, left to right) Shelley Caras, Norma Burke, Jim Martinez, Carol Benallie and David Shuh; (middle row) Coach Eva McNeil, Cheryl Watson, Gordon Bayne, Richard Montez, Kevin Becraft, Derek Clark and Jim Etchells; (back row) Mischelle Merritt, Doug Young and Korin Becraft.
Following two tours of duty with the Army, one following World War II and another during the Korean War, Brainard received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from SF State University in 1955. He joined the Lab's (then) Mathematics and Computing Department later that year.
Brainard's primary work was to program computing systems and design hardware interfaces. Throughout his career, which started during the infancy of systems programming, he was noted for his tenacity in troubleshooting and his ability to construct drivers for difficult interfaces. He retired in 1985.
"Doug was a quiet, lovable person who was unflappable in the gravest emergencies," said James Baker, Brainard's colleague and former head of the Mathematics and Computing Department. "He was liked and admired by all of his colleagues. He will be sorely missed."
Brainard was an avid folk dancer and belonged to the Buzz-Steppers of El Cerrito and the Berkeley Folk Dancers. He loved to travel, enjoyed classical and folk music, and frequently attended concerts, the opera, museums, and movies.
He is survivved by his wife, Charlotte, son John, daughter Susan Javier, two grandchildren, two sisters and a brother.
By Monica Friedlander
It can be as simple as recycling the junk mail cluttering your desk, or as challenging as developing new techniques for researching cell biology. But the principle is the same--prevent and reduce pollution wherever and whenever possible. This is the message being promoted both locally and across the country in anticipation of National Pollution Prevention Week, Sept. 16-22.
At Berkeley Lab, the EH&S Division and the volunteer group Green Team are making a special effort to inform and motivate people into action.
"The `think-globally-act-locally' idea has a direct effect on your environment, your coast, your local ecology," says Ken Woolfe, Green Team co-chair and organizer of the Lab's participation in the 12th annual California Coastal Cleanup effort (see below).
Award-winning technique
Perhaps the most notable pollution prevention accomplishment at the Lab has been achieved by microbiologists Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff and Shraddha Ravani, recipients of DOE's 1996 Pollution Prevention Award. The researchers implemented a new technique eliminating the use of radioactive materials in their experiments, thereby reducing the generation of tritiated mixed waste by 99.99 percent in one year.
Barcellos-Hoff and Ravani are measuring the effects of radiation on a key protein used to determine cell activity. The research may lead to medical applications for cancer treatment and prevention by advancing the understanding of the mechanism by which radiation controls tumor growth.
Prior to implementing the new process, scientists used a tritium compound that resulted in the generation of 20 liters of radioactive and chemical waste per year. The new technique, developed by a researcher at New York University, uses an enzyme that creates the glow in fireflies instead of radioactive material to mark cell activity. The method is as sensitive as the old one, says Barcellos-Hoff, plus it takes less time to implement. The major obstacle to adopting the new technique on a large scale is the high cost of switching over, particularly the investment in expensive new instruments. But the long term benefits, Barcellos-Hoff said, more than make up for the initial expense.
"The part that isn't acknowledged at this time," she said, "is the costliness of having to dispose of this radioactive waste. It costs more than $100,000 to dispose of the 20 liters of mixed waste. That's enough to fund a whole arm of my research program lavishly."
Three pollutant groups
Laboratory pollution prevention and reduction efforts are focused on three types of pollutants--solid, hazardous, and radioactive waste. The goal set by EH&S is to reduce overall waste by 10 percent a year, something that cannot be achieved without the active participation of all employees, according to Shelley Worsham of EH&S.
"The radioactive and hazardous waste are only a small portion of the waste stream," she said. "Even if we eliminated it completely, it would not be 10 percent of the waste stream. So we have to focus on the solid waste too."
Solid waste is the fancy term for everything from junk mail to cigarette butts. To reduce the unwanted invaders in the workplace, the Lab is taking a number of actions and public awareness initiatives. These include:
Recycling efforts -- A display on recycling materials will be set up in the cafeteria foyer in early October. EH&S is also developing a World Wide Web page on recycling materials, which they hope to unveil by the end of the year.
Fire prevention -- Employees are encouraged to use the yellow self-extinguishing cigarette cans located throughout the Lab. Not only does the use of the cans help control litter, but it can help eliminate a major fire hazard.
Packaging materials -- EH&S has developed procedures for disposing of surplus pallets, peanuts, and other packaging materials, many of which will be reused. Pallets will be picked up once a week. Surplus peanuts will be picked up during daily mail delivery. Please label the materials to be picked up with "Shipping B69." For more information, please contact Shelley Worsham at X6123 or Larry Gilbert at X5084.
National Pollution Prevention Week is Sept. 16-22.
CAPTION: Researchers Shraddha Ravani and Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff (center) receive 1996 DOE Pollution Prevention Award plaques from James Tumer, head of DOE's Oakland Operations Office and Martha Krebs, head of DOE's Office of Energy Research. Photo by Don Fike
For six decades, this Laboratory has been acknowledged as the birthplace of nuclear medicine. During Berkeley Lab's 65th anniversary celebration, pioneering researcher Tom Budinger documented the extent to which Berkeley Lab has remained the cradle of invention in this field, up to the present.
Budinger, who heads the Center for Functional Imaging here, chronicled the preeminent role of the Lab in nuclear medicine--in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, in imaging, and in safety. Berkeley Lab researchers have provided an ever-clearer window for doctors to view and image disease within the human body. They have provided physicians new and more effective ways to treat diseases. And they have devised treatments for diseases previously untreatable.
The contributions of nuclear medicine extend to surprising horizons. World War II aviators, who suffered the bends when flying at high altitudes, were able to overcome this obstacle thanks to Lab researchers. Radiobiologists here resolved the mystery of the ghostly flashes of light being observed by spooked astronauts. Today, researchers are establishing radiation limits for human space travel.
Radiobiology has extended these contributions. Melvin Calvin's Berkeley team resolved the riddle of photosynthesis, discovering the path of carbon as it travels through a plant, using the tracer carbon-14 (also discovered at Berkeley). Today, radioisotope tracers are a fundamental tool of biology.
Budinger, whose Bldg. 50 auditorium audience included many pioneers of nuclear medicine, started his talk by describing the beginning of the field.
Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, recognized the possibilities for medicine, Budinger said, and persuaded his brother John to join the Laboratory. John Lawrence started Donner Laboratory about 1936, and became the first researcher to treat human disease (leukemia) with a radioactive isotope. The father of nuclear medicine, his laboratory is considered the birthplace of the field.
In 1937, Joseph Hamilton was the first to use these tracers to study circulatory physiology. Using radioactive sodium, he studied how quickly food enters and traverses the human body.
Hamilton realized that radioisotopes with a short half-life--a property allowing them to be used without medical side effects--were needed. Glenn Seaborg and Jack Livingood bombarded tellurium with deuterons in the 37-inch cyclotron, creating iodine-131, with a half-life of eight days.
In 1938, technetium-99, the most commonly used isotope in medicine, was discovered by Emilio Segre. Other important isotopes to come included tritium, carbon-14, fluorine-18 and thallium-201.
During the war, John Lawrence and his colleagues used radioisotopes to help pilots deal with the consequences of high-altitude flying (pressurized cabins did not exist at that point). Donner Lab researchers used radioisotopes of inert gases to study decompression sickness and other maladies. These tracer studies made fundamental contributions to the understanding of the circulation and diffusion of gases. This research led to the development, by the Lab's Cornelius Tobias, of aircraft oxygen measurement equipment.
Numerous other advances were recorded at the Lab during this era. People suffering from polycythemia vera, a rare disease characterized by an over-abundance of red blood cells, were treated with doses of radio-pharmaceuticals. In 1940, a pioneering treatment procedure debuted to treat leukemia. The same year, hyperthyroidism was first diagnosed and treated using iodine-131.
In the 1950s, Hal Anger conducted studies on medical imaging that led him to develop the scintillation camera, or Anger camera, enabling physicians to detect tumors and make other diagnoses by imaging gamma rays emitted by radioactive isotopes. These techniques remain the most commonly used tools in nuclear medicine today.
Over time, Anger's scintillation camera evolved into modern imaging systems such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single positron-emission computed tomography (SPECT). Today, there are 160 PET cameras operating in hospitals, medical and research facilities worldwide. The highest resolution PET scanner in the world--the 2.6 millimeter-resolution camera--was built (and resides) here by Steve Derenzo and Ronald Huesman. Currently, an effort led by Budinger, Derenzo, Huesman, and Bill Moses is on the verge of creating a 2 millimeter-resolution, three-dimensional PET camera that can image brain chemistry.
Lawrence's cyclotrons made possible the use of beams of neutrons, protons, and heavy ions for the treatment of disease. In the 1940s, researchers here first investigated the use of neutron beams for cancer radiotherapy. In the 1950s, helium and protons beams were first used. In the 1980s, medical researchers here were the first to use heavy ion beams to treat cancerous tumors and the deadly brain disorder arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).
Charged particle beams generated by Lawrence's accelerators have vital medical uses. At the Bevalac, which closed in 1993, scores of patients benefited from the pioneering use of heavy ions to treat cancerous tumors. The success of this program is responsible for the recent opening of the charged particle patient treatment facility in Chiba, Japan, which uses a Berkeley Lab accelerator design.
Much of the book on radiation safety was written here. Will Siri literally wrote the first textbook on the safe application of radioisotopes in biology and medicine. From 1945 to 1979, researchers developed and refined a model of the effects of inhaled radioactive particulates. Researchers here have been instrumental in promulgating guidelines that define the radiation limits of space travel.
The Laboratory has announced its holiday schedule for the coming fiscal year:
| Thursday, Nov. 28, 1996 | Thanksgiving Holiday |
| Friday, Nov. 29, 1996 | Thanksgiving Holiday |
| Tuesday, Dec. 24, 1996 | Christmas Eve Holiday |
| Wednesday, Dec. 25, 1996 | Christmas Day Holiday |
| Thursday, Dec. 26, 1996 | Administrative Holiday |
| Friday, Dec. 27, 1996 | Employee Vacation Day* |
| Monday, Dec. 30, 1996 | Employee Vacation Day* |
| Tuesday, Dec. 31, 1996 | New Year's Eve Holiday |
| Wednesday, Jan. 1, 1997 | New Year's Day Holiday |
The Laboratory will be open Dec. 23, 1996, and Jan. 2-3, 1997, with minimum support.Additional FY 1997 holidays include:
| Monday, Jan. 20, 1997 | Martin Luther King Holiday |
| Monday, Feb. 17, 1997 | Presidents' Day |
| Monday, May 26, 1997 | Memorial Day |
| Friday, July 4, 1997 | Independence Day |
| Monday, Sept. 1, 1997 | Labor Day |
*Employees may either use vacation or leave without pay for Friday, Dec. 27, and Monday, Dec. 30. Employees who have not had time to accrue adequate vacation may receive an advance against future vacation accrual for these days.
Video:
"Chicano! History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, Part III: Taking Back the Schools"
Wednesday, Sept. 18, noon, Bldg. 50 auditorium
Concert:
Mariachi Los Gavilanes
Monday, Sept. 16, noon, cafeteria lawn
Video:
"Chicano! History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, Part IV: Fighting for Political Power"
Wednesday, Sept. 25, noon, Bldg. 51-201
Concert:
Andean Music by Karumanta Jamuyku
Friday, Sept. 27, noon, cafeteria lawn
Employees can also view the poster display in the cafeteria foyer honoring 12 accomplished Latina women, as well as a collection of books on Latino topics.
Contact Jhane Beck, X4622, for more information.
| Date | Time | Location | Training session |
| 9/17 | 3 p.m. | 62-339 | LBNL UnCover Database |
| 9/19 | 11 a.m. | 50-134 | LBNL UnCover Database |
| 9/24 | 3 p.m. | 62-339 | Electronic Journals |
| 9/26 | 11 a.m. | 50-134 | Electronic Journals |
The Property Reuse Center, Bldg. 42, has a large number of binders (1, 2, and 3 inches in various colors), and hanging file folders available at no charge for Laboratory use. Many are new or in near new condition. Send your request to [email protected], or fax to X5169. Be sure to include your mailstop so the binders can be mailed to you.
There are also plenty of other office supplies, including staplers, staples, desk organizers, in- and out-boxes, etc. You may visit the Center at Bldg. 42 from 7 a.m. to 3:30 p.m., Monday through Friday. Bldg. 42 is located next to the PG&E substation below Health Services (Bldg. 26).
NATIONAL POLLUTION PREVENTION WEEK
Sept. 16-20. See page three for details.
NATIONAL HISPANIC HERITAGE MONTH ACTIVITY
Mariachi Los Gavilanes will perform at noon on the cafeteria lawn.
EMPLOYEE MUSIC CLUB
Classical Group Rehearsal, 5-7 p.m. in the cafeteria; for information, contact Wesley Steele at X7893.
BODY WORKS SIGNUPS
Signups for the next six-week session will be from 11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. in Bldg. 90-3075.
NATIONAL HISPANIC HERITAGE MONTH VIDEO
"Chicano! History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, Part III: Taking Back the Schools" will be presented at noon in the Bldg. 50 Auditorium.
LAB VIEW USER GROUP MEETING
All Lab VIEW users and potential users are invited to a group meeting at noon in the Bldg. 50 auditorium.
TOASTMASTERS'
Officer's meeting at 12:10 p.m. in Bldg. 2-100.
EMPLOYEE MUSIC CLUB
Folk Group Rehearsal, 5:30-7:30 p.m. in the cafeteria, for information, contact Larry Bell at X5406.
OPEN CALENDAR
OPEN CALENDAR
BEACH CLEANUP
Participate in the 12th Annual Coastal Cleanup Day by joining the Green Team from 9 a.m. to noon at the Berkeley Marina (see page 6 for details
7:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m., near Bldg. 79
EMPLOYEE MUSIC CLUB
Classical Group Rehearsal, 5-7 p.m. in the cafeteria, for information, contact Wesley Steele at X7893.
OPEN CALENDAR
NATIONAL HISPANIC HERITAGE MONTH VIDEO
"Chicano! History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, Part IV: Fighting for Political Power" will be presented at noon in the Bldg. 51-201.
EMPLOYEE MUSIC CLUB
Folk Group Rehearsal, 5:30-7:30 p.m. in the cafeteria, for information, contact Larry Bell at X5406.
OPEN CALENDAR
NATIONAL HISPANIC HERITAGE MONTH ACTIVITY
Karumanta Jamuyku will perform at noon on the cafeteria lawn.
Calendar Items and Technical Events may be sent via e-mail to [email protected] or faxed to X6641 or Lab Mail to Bldg. 65B. The deadline for the Sept. 27 issue is 5 p.m. Monday, Sept. 23
SPECIAL JOINT CBP/IBT SEMINAR
"Present Status of the 200 MeV Cyclotron Facility at NAC in South Africa" will be presented by John C. Cornell of the National Accelerator Centre, Faure, S. Africa, at 11 a.m. in the Bldg. 71 conference room.
SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS SCIENCE SEMINAR
"LEED Investigations of the Hexagonal Surfaces of SiC: Determination of Polytype, Polarity and Termination" will be presented by Judith Schardt of the University of Erlangen, Germany, at 1:30 p.m. in the Bldg. 66 Auditorium.
EH&S CLASSES
Adult Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) (EHS 123), 9:00 a.m.-noon, Bldg. 48-109
Introduction to EH&S Safety at LBNL (EHS 010), 9-11:30 a.m., Bldg. 66 Auditorium
ENERGY & RESOURCES GROUP COLLOQUIUM
"Policy Implication of Uncertainty in Combustion and Air Quality Modeling" will be presented by Nancy Brown of E&E at 4 p.m. in 2 Le Conte Hall.
PHYSICS DIVISION RESEARCH PROGRESS MEETING
Phillip Burrows of MIT will speak at 4 p.m. in Bldg. 70A-3377, title to be announced, refreshemtns, 3:40pm.
BUILDING ENERGY SEMINAR
"The Energy and Water-Saving Potential of Dishwashers and Clothes Washers: An Update" will be presented by Peter Biermeyer of E&E; "Opportunities for Improving the Energy-Efficiency of Room Air Conditioners" will be presented by Greg Rosenquist E&E at noon in Bldg. 90-3148.
SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS SCIENCE SEMINAR
"Epitaxial Thin Film Growth in the Ultra-Vacuum of Space: The Wake Shield Facility Experiment" will be presented by Alex Ignatiev of the University of Houston at 1:30 p.m. in the Bldg. 66 Auditorium.
PHYSICS DIVISION RESEARCH PROGRESS MEETING
"Jet Cross Sections at High Et: QCD Theory, Partons and Experiment" will be presented by Dave Soper of the University of Oregon at 4 p.m. in Bldg. 50A-5132; refreshments, 3:40 p.m.
PHYSICS DEPARTMENT COLLOQUIUM
"Applying Physics to the Problems of Development and Sustainability" will be presented by Ashok Gadgil of E&E at 4:30 p.m. in 1 Le Conte; refreshments, 4 p.m., 375 Le Conte.
EH&S CLASSES
Building Emergency Team Training (EHS 154), 9-11:30 a.m., Bldg. 48-109
Compressed Gas Safety (EHS 231), 10:30-11:30 a.m., Bldg. 51-201
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT SEMINAR
"Atomic Force Microscopy - Applications to Energy & Environmental
Technologies" will be presented by Miquel Salmeron of MSD at 3:45 p.m. in Bldg. 90-3148; refreshments, 3:30 p.m.
LIFE SCIENCES DIVISION SEMINAR
"Space, Time and Judgment: Linking Exposure and Health Effects for Risk Assessment" will be presented by Thomas E. McKone of E&E/UCB at 4 p.m. in Bldg. 66-316.
BUILDING ENERGY SEMINAR
"Market Transformation on a Community Scale: The East Bay Rebuild America Partnership" will be presented by Cyane Dandridge of ReEnergize East Bay at noon in Bldg. 90-3148.
SURFACE SCIENCE AND CATALYSIS SCIENCE SEMINAR
"Molecular Dynamics Modeling of the Growth, Structure and Tribology of Amorphous Carbon Films" will be presented by James Belak of LLNL at 1:30 p.m. in the Bldg. 66, Auditorium.
EH&S CLASS
Laser Safety (EHS 280), 1:15-3:30 p.m., Bldg. 51-201
'78 DODGE Omni, a/t, 4-dr, 108K mi., $750. Lan, X5362
'80 BUICK Riviera, very gd cond., reliable, $1500. Eric, X6836, 672-6278 (eve.)
'81 HONDA Accord hatchbk, 130K mi., 5-spd, $1200. Bill X6693, 601-1404
'82 TOYOTA Corolla, 120K mi., gd mech. cond., $900/b.o. Amir, X4125, 528-7876
'84 TOYOTA Tercel 4x4 wgn, a/t, runs well, reliable, 141K mi., all records, $1995. Nick, X7177, 528-3109
'85 TOYOTA Camry, 4-dr, a/c, runs well, 150K mi., leaving country, $1500. Fritz, X5021
'85 VW Golf, 5-spd, new clutch, runs very well, all records, AM/FM cass., 114K mi., leaving country, $2700. Jose, X4739, 843-7833 (eve.)
'86 FORD T-Bird, 120K mi., gd cond., $2900/b.o. Martina, X6254, 595-8168
'86 MAZDA 626, 4-dr, 140K mi., AM/FM, a/c, new batt., leaving, must sell, $2600. Axel, X4739, 845-3028
'86 NISSAN Stanza sta wgn (minivan style), gd cond., many recently replaced parts, 120K mi., $3K/b.o. Amir, X4125, 528-7876
'86 TOYOTA Celica GT, silver, 5-spd, AM/FM cass., a/c, cloth int., 113K mi., gd cond., 1 owner, all records, $2900/b.o. X6557, 527-6937
'88 MAZDA 323, 2-dr hatchbk, 175K mi., well maint., $1200/b.o. Serge, X6014, 525-5278
'89 FORD Taurus sta. wgn, V6-3.8L, all pwr, 108K mi., leaving, must sell, $3500/b.o. Thomas, X5083, 935-7628
'89 TOYOTA 4x4 pickup, w/camper shell, 150K mi. (mostly hwy), great cond., $5K. X7176
'90 FORD Taurus, white, perfect cond., $3900. Brent, (415) 962-1859
'90 HONDA Accord EX, 4-dr, a/t, 73K mi., burgundy/gray, exc. cond., $9500. X6221, 938-5100 (eve.)
'90 JEEP Cherokee Laredo, 4x4, blue, a/t, new brakes, a/c recharged, 86K mi., $10.5K/b.o. Bob, X6243, 933-7536
'91 CHEVROLET Cavalier RS, 73K mi., a/t, A/C, AM/FM, p/s, p/b, 4-dr, gd cond., blue book $5500, recently smogged w/certificate, $3500. Ted, X5315
'91 FORD Escort, p/b, p/s, AM/FM, like new, 68K mi., $4300. Barbara, X5952, 799-3089
'91 TOYOTA Previa van, a/t, a/c, seats 6, new brakes, very gd cond., $10K. 601-0453
MOTORCYCLE, '92 Suzuki Intruder 1400, bought new in '94, runs perfect, looks very clean, well-maintained, 19K mi., $4700/b.o. Jennifer, 339-8084
MOTORCYCLE, off-road, '80 Honda XR80, $450. Guy, X5901
CAR RACK, Yakima, 2 crossbars, 4 rain-gutter type attachments w/locks & keys, $50. Mark, X6781, 524-5234
CAR RACK, Yakima, fits Honda Civic & other compact cars, w/2 bike racks, Steelhead, $425. James, 649-8258
CARPOOL RIDE wanted from Orinda to Lab, 7:30 or 8 a.m. Mark, X8646
FOOTBALL, Raiders, 2 tix, 9/22 vs. San Diego, field level, 30 yd line, $61 ea. X4903, 685-5659
SF OPERA, Wed. eve., 11/27, Harvey Milk (incl. candlelight procession), Orpheum Theatre, 1st row balcony Opera House equiv., 2 tickets, $42 ea. Dave, X7344, 524-2904 (eve.)
S.F. OPERA, Lohengrin, Sat. eve., 9/28, Sec. 212 pair (equivalent to Opera House Orchestra), $220/pr. (415) 584-1680
SHOP MANUALS (body) for '90 Camry to borrow or buy. Ken, X7739
UPGRADE CERTIFICATES on United Airlines for int'l travel in Oct. Debbey, X6430, 527-8219
BED, elec., single bed, head or feet can be raised independently, $1K/b.o. Marie, X4317
BICYCLE, woman's Schwinn Caliente, 10-spd, 24" frame, $110/b.o. 463-2911 (eve.)
BOAT, '94 Sea Ray, 23' 10", 240 overnighter, slps 4-5, cabin, V-berth (converts to sleeper), wet bar, transom shower, ice box, propane portable stove, running water, pump-out head, AM/FM stereo/tape deck, storage, ski tow, swim ladder, front anchor, removable canvas top, 70 gal. fuel cap., 8 gal. water cap., very low mi., located at Paradise Pt. (Delta) Stockton, $34K or assume $409/mo. payment. Carl or Barbara, 436-7307 (eve.)
CELLULAR PHONE, GE Pocketphone, model CT400 w/battery, charger, car battery eliminator, $75. Rob, X4920
COMPUTER, Compaq 386/25Mhz, 8Mb RAM, 120Mb hard drive, 14" monitor, 14.4 modem, software, $375; bike, Gitane road racer, 24", lightweight, $100; VCR, older model, top-loading, $50. Mike, 848-8844
COMPUTER, PC compatible, IBM 486-SX, 66 Mhz, color monitor, cd-rom, sound card, speakers, 14400 modem, floppy, WWW & Internet capability, lots of current software incl. Word 6.0, $600. Jennifer, 339-8084
CRIB w/mattress, closet w/3 drwrs, chest w/5 drwrs, oak, brn color, exc. cond., $150/ea. X5350, 525-4895
DINING TABLE, maple, 42x60, drop-leaf, $300; 42" dia. solid oak dining set, $400; bed, queen, Sealy, $300; dbl foam-core futon w/pine frame, $125; single foam-core futon, $50; couch, $150; upholstered chair, $20; area rug, wool, 3-1/2 x 5, $25; lamps; 10" table saw, Craftsman, $250; spinet piano, Roland 4000, w/sequencer & software, $1500; Commodore Amiga 3000 w/UNIX, tape drive, $1K; lg. EPI spkrs, $250/pr.; JVC turntable, $100; NordicTrack Walkfit, $200; figure skates, woman's sz. 5-1/2 $20; youth tennis rackets (2), $10 ea. & more, best reasonable offers. Bill, X7493, Cate, X5835, 558-8617
DISHWASHER, full sz., portable Kitchen Aid, solid wood chopping block, 3 yrs. old, $500; Nishiki MTBs, 21.5" Deore XT/XTR, $500; 22" commuter, MTB, $150; windsurfer, Hy Fly, 11.5' w/sails(2), mast, boom & hardware, $600. Rick, X7341, 234-0451
EXERCISE MACHINE, Lifestyler Cardiofit plus, paid $260, take $120; blk vinyl couch, $90; director's chair w/grn seat & back, $18; bike, Schwinn Varsity, 10-spd, new tires, lock adapter, totally redone mech., $90, all items are 6 mo. old. Kris, X5571
GARAGE SALE, Sat., 9/14, 10 a.m.-3 p.m., 1031 Oxford, Berkeley, household items, furn., board games, adult & children's books, sports & backpacking equip., tire chains, LP records & CD's, science kits, clothes, misc.
KOI POND, plastic-irregular 3x6 ft., w/pump & filter, $400. Matthias, X7075
MACINTOSH POWERBOOK Duo 250 12/200, incl. 14.4 modem, dock, keyboard & mouse, $1100. Bill, X6693, 601-1404
MOUNTAIN BIKE, 21-spd, Trek 830, $200/b.o. Stephen, X5346, 524-1347
MOVING SALE, Singer vacuum cleaner, '95, $50; iron + board, '95, $12; sm. vacuum cleaner, Black & Decker, '95, $18; bed lamp, $5; lamp, $5; stroller, $18; highchair, $15; child's carseat, $5; child guitar, $20; toys (Legos...). Thomas, X5083, 935-7628 (eve.)
MOVING SALE, metal bunk-bed, white (or 2 single beds), $150; 2 sturdy oak chairs, $30 ea.; bike child seat, Fisher-Price, $30; sm. drop-lid chest, $30; 2-slice toaster, wafer/pancake maker, elec. slow cooker, $7 ea. X4125, 528-7876
PERSIAN RUGS, pair, 30"x39", dark blue background, $550/b.o. X6336 (msg.), (916) 758-5286
PERSONAL SAFETY ALARM, Quorum, products & sales materials orig. $1500, 2 yrs. old, make offer. 704-8236
POOL TABLE, 9', very gd cond., $900/b.o. Jaru, X4328, 939-2314
PRINTER, Imagewriter II, dot-matrix for the MAC w/cable, stand & extra ribbon, $75. Bjorn, X7045
PUPPIES, Dalmatian, champion pedigree, AKC, DCA nominated, exc. temperament, 5 males, 5 females, avail. 10/9, $350-$650. David, X7685, 516-2358
REFRIGERATOR, GE, 22 cu. ft., side by side, frost free, 132 kw hr./mo. w/pwr saver switch on normal, $200/b.o. Hannah, X4781, 528-6386
ROAD BICYCLE, 24" Peugeot, built by bike mechanic, exc. parts, $125. 428-0628 (after 6 p.m.)
SKIS, x-country, for tall person 6' to 6'5", $30. Kathy, X4385, 986-0323
STAIR-STEPPER, high quality, Tunturi 416, variable resistance, $100; typewriter, correcting elec., Brother Executron, recently serviced, $80; typing table, $20. Ken, X7739, 482-3331
STAPLE GUN, Arrow, non-elec., w/screen & wire adapters, like new cond., $9/b.o. Sherry, X6972
STEREO, Technics receiver & dual cass. deck, 100 watts/channel, 7-band equalizer, remote control, 2 Advent spkrs, $375. Eloy, X6968, 865-3896
STEREO CABINET, wood veneer, glass front, exc. cond., $40. Phil, X7875
TV, 25", GE; VCR, 4-heads, Toshiba, both 1 yr. old, $220 ea. firm. Mor, X6878, 528-3408
WASHER, compact portable, Whirlpool, $350; stove, gas, white, $175; stereo cabinet, wood w/glass doors, $25. X5896, 524-8897
WATER FILTERS, NSA, sink installation. Marek, X5029, 582-5867
WETSUIT, woman's scuba, SAS, sz. L-9, 2 pc., 1/4" thickness, blk w/blue trim, like new, used 3 times, $100; Scuba Fins, MARES, fluted, blue, $50. Gail, 299-0944 (msg.)
WINDOW SHADES (8 avail.), rattan, matchstick roll-down, gd cond., $5 ea.; futon, queen sz., gd cond., $50. 558-9212
NO. BERKELEY, furn. 3-bdrm duplex, exc. loc., linens, dishes, laundry fac., enclosed garden, exc. schools, walk to shopping & UCB, min. 6 mo. lease, avail. 12/7, $1470/mo. 527-3856 (FAX)
NO. BERKELEY HILLS, studio apt w/garden & parking, laundry, kitchen, 5 min. from LBNL/UCB, Dec. '96-Aug. '97 or longer, $680/mo. Jan, X4417, 548-7120
SO. BERKELEY (2 listings), both 10 min. walk to UCB, 1-bdrm apt, garden, $575/mo. utils. incl.; furn. 2-bdrm. apt, split-level, newly refurbished, skylights, nr bus & shops, all utils. incl., 4-unit brn shingle, $950/mo. unfurn., $1050/mo. furn. Kathy, 482-1777
CASTRO VALLEY, rm in 3-bdrm house, laundry & kitchen privs., $400/mo. + some util. Marek, X5029, 582-5867
KENSINGTON, nr bus, bright rm overlooking garden in house w/3 others (UC researcher & grad students), bay view, avail. now thru 6/1, $450/mo. + shared gas & elec. Bailey, 525-6504, 231-5682
KENSINGTON/E.C., semi-furn., lg. studio, pvt. bth & entry, min. cooking, prefer female, avail. Oct., $350/mo. Teresa, 524-2735
WANTED: single apt/studio for 2 months from now, no shared rm, prefer nr LBNL shuttle stop, price nr $500/mo. [email protected], [email protected]
WANTED: studio apt, prefer 2nd floor, furn., for German visiting post-doc starting mid-Sept. Corinne, X6174, 848-0098
WANTED: inexpensive apt or house-sitting situation for visiting Rabbi for 5 wks starting in early Dec., call w/leads or suggestions. 704-8236
STATELINE, NV, The Ridge Tahoe Resort, above Lake Tahoe, 2-bdrm suite, frpl, fully-equip. kitchen, amenities incl. tennis cts, indoor tennis, direct access to Heavenly Valley, racquetball, indoor/outdoor pool, weights, saunas, steam rms & spa, nr casinos, avail. 12/07-14, 60 days adv. notice, $600/wk. Cole, X7324, (408) 977-3498 (eve.)
CATS (2), neutered ex-feral, 14 mo. old, male is orange tabby, affectionate, gd natured, female is very beautiful, longhair, black & white, sweet & affectionate, Julia, 848-6403, (415) 396-9635
CAT, male, neutered, 2 yrs. old, all shots, rare brn & white, very affectionate, gd natured, answers to Brown. Ron, 525-0138
DOG, pit bull mix, female, playful, gd-natured, needs a gd home, loves long hikes & runs, very healthy & friendly, passed obedience school w/flying colors, spayed & shots up to date. Karen, X5862, 845-6364
TOPSOIL, 2605 Carmel St., Oakland, below Mormon Temple. Ken, X7739
FOUND: pair of glasses, 1 lens broken, found 8/20 nr the ladies restroom, 90G deck area, padded pouch w/multi-colored leaf design. Roxanne, X6661, 90K-111
Please note also: